The Hepatoprotective Effects of Euphorbia hirta in ameliorating Paracetamol -induced Liver Injury in Rats

Paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity is a significant global health concern, leading to toxicity and chronic liver conditions. While synthetic hepatoprotective drugs exist, their associated side effects necessitate the search for safer alternatives. Euphorbia hirta, known for its hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory properties, has been explored for its potential in mitigating liver damage. This study investigates the protective effects of E. hirta leaf extracts on paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats.

Fresh E. hirta leaves were collected, air-dried, and pulverized before aqueous extraction. The extract was obtained by soaking 250 g of powdered leaves in 2.5 L of distilled water for 72 hours, followed by filtration, concentration, and drying. Acute toxicity tests classified the extract as practically non-toxic, with an LD₅₀ exceeding 5000 mg/kg. Thirty-five male Wistar rats (150–220 g) were randomized into five groups (n=5 per group). The "Negative Control" group received standard feed and water, while the “Model Group” was administered paracetamol (150 mg/kg orally) to induce hepatotoxicity. A “Positive group” received paracetamol and silymarin (150 mg/kg / 50 mg/kg), while two treatment groups received paracetamol alongside E. hirta extracts at doses of 125 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg, respectively. Treatments were administered orally for seven days.

Liver function, oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers were assessed through biochemical and histological analyses. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels were measured, while histopathological examination and immunohistochemical analysis of Bax protein expression were conducted. Results showed a significant (p<0.05) reduction in ALT and AST levels in treated groups compared to the paracetamol-only group. Histological findings indicated preserved liver architecture and reduced Bax protein expression, confirming E. hirta’s hepatoprotective potential.

This study suggests that E. hirta could serve as a natural hepatoprotective alternative. Further research should focus on isolating active compounds and conducting clinical trials to validate its efficacy and safety for potential pharmaceutical applications.